Florence - Leonardo da Vinci Museum

 Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was a symbol of the the Italian Renaissance who was also active as a draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. As well as iconic drawings and paintings such Vitruvian Man, Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he recorded his thoughts through drawings and manusrcipts on anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.

Leonardo da Vinci 

da Vinci Museum Florence
Vitruvian Man

da Vinci Museum Florence
Last Supper

da Vinci Museum Florence
Mona Lisa

Born in  1452, de Vinci spent two periods in Florence, the first from 1472 to 1482 the second from 1500 to 1508. 

da Vinci Museum Florence
Leonardo

Leonardo's manuscripts and sketches of his scientific research were collected into codexes (notebooks) covering the study of flight, civil engineering and weapon design. 

da Vinci Museum Florence
Leonardo's Codexes

The Leonardo da Vinci Museum in Florence contains reconstructions of machinery based on his drawings.

da Vinci Museum Florence
Air Screw

da Vinci Museum Florence
Flying Wing

da Vinci Museum Florence
iFlying Wing

da Vinci Museum Florence
Diver

In 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ended his first period in Florence and went to work for Ludovico II, Lord of Milan. Despite being opposed to war as being a 'most bestial folly', da Vinci outlined his capabilities as a military engineer to Ludovico II by stating ' I shall create various and infinite things for attack and defence as circumstances dictate' .

da Vinci Museum Florence
Catapult IJ

da Vinci Museum Florence
Catapult

da Vinci Museum Florence
Bombard

da Vinci Museum Florence
Multi Barrel Gun

da Vinci Museum Florence
Tank

da Vinci Museum Florence
Tank

da Vinci Museum Florence
Scythe Charriot

Florence - Ponte Vecchio

The Ponte Vecchio "Old bridge" is a medieval stone bridge over the River Arno, crossing the river at  at it's narrowest point as it flows through Florence.

 The bridge consists of three segmental arches: the main arch has a span of 30 meters (98 feet) the two side arches each span 27 meters (89 feet).  The bridge is 84 metres in length and consists of a main arch with a  span of 30 meters and  two side arches each with a  span 27 meters . 

Ponte Vecchio

The first bridge is understood to have been constructed in Roman times to allow the via Cassia, the route from Rome to the North to cross the River Arno. The current bridge dates from 1345. There have been shops on the Ponte Vecchio since it was established.

Ponte Vecchio

In 1565 Cosimo I de' Medici  had the Vasari Corridor, part of which runs above the Ponte Vecchio, to connect the Palazzo Vecchio with the Palazzo Pitti on the other side of the river. 

Ponte Vecchio Vasari Corridor

Ponte Vecchio Vasari Corridor

Vasari Corridor

he shops on the Ponte Vecchi included butchers and fishmongers and tanners. Their "industrial waste" caused an unpleasant stench. To improve the environment on the bridge it was decreed that only goldsmiths and jewellers would be allowed to trade there, a requirement that continues today. 

Ponte Vecchio Shops Vasari Corridor

Ponte Vecchio Shops

Ponte Vecchio Shops

In 1900 a bronze bust of Florentine sculptor and master goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini was unveiled to stand atop a fountain in the middle of the Eastern side of the bridge.  

Ponte Vecchio Benvenuto Cellini

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Ponte Vecchio VM

Ponte Vecchio VM IJ

Ponte Vecchio VM

Ponte Vecchio IJ

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World War Two

In May 1939 Italy had signed a pact with Germany. On June 10 1940 Benito Mussolini  proclaimed Italy's entry into the war, the citizens of Florence gathered in Piazza della Signoria in support of the Duce's decision.

Piazza della Signoria 10th June 1940

The Italians conducted unsuccessful campaigns in the Middle East and Greece necessitating the deployment of German forces to those theatres to prevent defeat. The German and Italians were defeated in the Middle East in 1942, and in July 1943 Allied troops invaded Sicily, the start of the Italian campaign. On 3rd September the invasion of the Italian mainland commenced leading to the surrender of Italy on 8th September. In response German troops occupied Italy, including Florence and prepared defensive lines to block the Allied Advance. 

By late July 1944 the British 8th Army had fought their way north and New Zealand troops had dislodged German forces from the Pian dei Cerri hills overlooking the city. The Germans retreated and declared Florence to be an undefended "open city" to prevent shelling and bombing. They did however destroy Florence's bridges over the River Arno with the exception of the Ponte Vecchio. 

Whilst the Ponte Vecchio was left intact, access to the bridge was denied by demolishing buildings at either end. 

Ponte Vecchio damaged buildings 1944

The Ponte Vecchio was saved from destruction by the German consul in Florence Gerhard Wolf. Wolf had the position from 1940 and was far from being a Nazi. He also saved many Jews from the Holocaust after German occupation in 1943, and prevented artworks from being plundered to Germany. A memorial plaque to Gerhard Wolf can be found on the Ponte Vecchio. 

Ponte Vecchio Gerhard Wolf Memorial plaque

Florence was liberated by New Zealand, South African and British troops from the 8th Army and  partisans from the Tuscan Committee of National Liberation (CTLN) on 4 August 1944. The obstructions of the Ponte Vecchio were cleared and the bridges over the River Arno were rebuilt after the war.

Ponte Vecchio August 1944

Ponte Vecchio December 2023

Ponte Vecchio 1944

Ponte Vecchio December 2023

 

Ponte Santa Trinata destruction

Ponte Santa Trinata Bailey Bridge

Ponte Santa Trinata 2023

Ponte Alle Grazie August 1944

Ponte Alle Grazie 2023

Florence - Uffizi Gallery

The Uffizi Gallery is located adjacent to the  Piazza della Signoria and it's open inner courtyard leads to the River Arno. It holds a collection of artworks particularly from the period of the Italian Renaissance. 

Uffizi Gallery

Uffizi Gallery
Inner courtyard entrance to River Arno

The Uffizi complex, "office complex"  was built for Cosimo I de' Medici to accommodate all of the committees, agencies, and guilds established in the Florentina Republican in one location to consolidate administrative control. The top floor was made into a gallery for the family and their guests and included their collection of Roman sculptures.

Uffizi Gallery Medici family

 

When the  House of Medici died out in 1730  their art collections were given to the city of Florence. In 1769 the Uffizi was opened to the public, formally becoming a museum in 1865.

Uffizi Gallery

Florence - Piazza della Signoria

 The Piazza della Signoria is named after the Signoria of Florence, the government of the medieval and Renaissance Republic of Florence from 1250 to 1532. Dominated by the Palazzo Vecchio built in the 14th Century, it remains the heart of local government in Florence. 

Piazza della Signoria

Piazza della Signoria

Piazza della Signoria

The Palazzo Vecchio (old palace) was built to provide a secure and defensible in times of turbulence for the magistrates of the Florence Commune. Duke Cosimo I de' Medici moved his official seat to the Palazzo della Signoria in May 1540 the start of Medici power in Florence. 

Palazzo Vecchio

The palace became the seat of the newly united Italy's provisional government from 1865 to 1871 when Florence had become the temporary capital of the Kingdom of Italy.  Since 1872 it has housed the office of the mayor of Florence, and it is the seat of the City Council.

Palazzo Vecchio

Palazzo Vecchio

Palazzo Vecchio IJ

Palazzo Vecchio

At the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio are statues of Michelangelo's David, and Bandinelli's  Hercules and Cacus.

Palazzo Vecchio Entrance Statues

Michelangelo's David

Bandinelli's Hercules and Cacus

The entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio leads through to a courtyard built within the palace.

Palazzo Vecchio inner courtyard

Palazzo Vecchio inner courtyard

The Loggia dei Lanzi located on a corner of the Piazza della Signoria adjoining the Uffizi Gallery. It is an open air sculpture gallery of antique and Renaissance art including the Medici lions, built between 1376 and 1382 .

Loggia dei Lanzi

The Fontana del Nettuno (Fountain of Neptune)  was commissioned by Cosimo I de' Medici in 1559 to celebrate the marriage of Francesco de' Medici I to Grand Duchess Joanna of Austria.  

 Fontana del Nettuno

 Fontana del Nettuno